What method cools computer components by slowing the speed at which a component operates?

The correct choice is passive cooling, which involves cooling computer components by allowing them to dissipate heat naturally without the use of mechanical fans or additional power. This method typically utilizes heat sinks, thermal pads, and thermal conduction to transfer heat away from critical components like the CPU or GPU, relying on natural airflow and convection to regulate temperature.

By operating at lower speeds, certain components generate less heat, allowing passive cooling to be effective. This method is often simpler and quieter than active cooling systems, making it a popular choice in scenarios where noise reduction and energy efficiency are priority concerns. Passive cooling is particularly effective for less demanding applications or in systems with limited thermal output, where heat buildup is less critical.

The other options, such as active cooling and liquid cooling, involve more complex mechanisms that manipulate temperature via fans or fluids, which do not correspond to the characteristic of slowing down component operation to manage heat. Heat sinks, while related to passive cooling, are merely a component within that broader strategy.